As promised - a more comprehensive look at what data goes into the GFS. All of these types of data from around the entire globe are input into the model on each run. There are obviously different availabilities of some types of data (like for instance flight data will be more available during daylight hours as flights occur more often at that time).
But bear in mind that as the data is worldwide - there will be more data available from different parts of the globe at different times. The net result is probably that each model run has a similar amount of raw data fed into it.
As you can see there is a fair bit of raw data used...
Surface data - Land
Synoptic - restricted (WMO Resolution 40) manual and automatic
Synoptic - fixed manual and automatic
Synoptic - mobile manual and automatic
Aviation - METAR
Vertical soundings - other than Satellite
Rawinsonde - fixed land
Rawinsonde - mobile land
Rawinsonde - ship
Dropwinsonde
Pibal
NEXRAD Vertical Azimuth Display (VAD) winds
Single Level Upper-air data (other than satellite)
Flight level reconnaissance aircraft data
Automated MDCRS ACARS aircraft data (from ARINC)
Automated MDCRS ACARS aircraft data (from ARINC) via AFWA
Manual AIREP format aircraft data
Manual PIREP format aircraft data
Automated AMDAR format ASDAR/ACARS aircraft data
European ASDAR/ACARS Data Aquisition System (E-ADAS) aircraft data (originally in BUFR)
NOAA Profiler Network (NPN) winds
Profiler winds originating from PILOT (Pibal) bulletins
Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) profiler winds
Cooperative Agency Profiler (CAP) winds
RASS temperatures from NOAA Profiler Network (NPN) and Cooperative Agency Profilers (CAP)
Vertical soundings - satellite
GOES/NESDIS-processed 5x5 field-of-view soundings/brightness temperatures
GOES/NESDIS-processed 1x1 field-of-view soundings/brightness temperatures
Surface data - satellite
QuikSCAT products
DMSP/SSM-I - operational products derived at FNMOC
DMSP/SSM-I - Neural Net-3 products derived at NCEP
DMSP/SSM-I - processed brightness temperatures
NASA/Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)/TMI)
Single level upper air data - satellite GOES/NESDIS infrared derived cloud motion (from NESDIS server, originally in BUFR)
GOES/NESDIS water vapor imager derived cloud motion (from NESDIS server, originally in BUFR)
GOES/NESDIS visible derived cloud motion (from NESDIS server, originally in BUFR)
INSAT/India infrared derived cloud motion
INSAT/India visible derived cloud motion
INSAT/India water vapor derived cloud motion
GMS/JMA infrared derived cloud motion - low density (originally in SATOB format)
GMS/JMA visible derived cloud motion - low density (originally in SATOB format)
GMS/JMA water vapor imager derived cloud motion - low density (originally in SATOB format)
METEOSAT/EUMETSAT infrared derived cloud motion (originally in BUFR)
AQUA/TERRA MODIS infrared derived cloud motion
AQUA/TERRA MODIS water vapor imager derived cloud motion
Surface data - sea
Sea level pressure bogus
Ship - manual and automatic
Buoys in FM-18 format (moored or drifting)
Buoys in FM-13 format (moored)
Land-based CMAN station
Tide gauge reports in CREX format
Radiances - satellite measured
AQUA/AIRS, AMSU-A, HSB processed brightness temperatures
GOES NESDIS-processed 11x17 field-of-view imager (clear sky) brightness temperatures
NOAA-14/HIRS-2 (High resolution InfraRed Sounder-2) NCEP-processed brightness temperatures
NOAA-14/MSU (Microwave Sounding Unit) NCEP-processed brightness temperatures
NOAA-15,-16,-17,-18/AMSU-A (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A) NCEP-processed brightness temperatures
NOAA-15,-16,-17/AMSU-B (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-B NCEP-processed brightness temperatures
NOAA-15,-16,-17/HIRS-3 (High resolution InfraRed Sounder-3) NCEP-processed brightness temperatures
Physical/chemical constituents
POES/NESDIS Solar backscatter ultraviolet radiances
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